Publication date: October 10, 2025
A shadow fleet is a term used to describe vessels engaged in illegal operations aimed at circumventing sanctions, evading safety or environmental regulations, or avoiding insurance costs.[1] The term broadly refers to illegal practices occurring in the maritime sector.[2] Importantly, it is not just the cargo that is being concealed, but also the entire vessel transporting it—hence the term “shadow fleet” or “ghost fleet”. Currently, it is primarily used in the context of Russia’s efforts to circumvent sanctions. These sanctions were imposed by, among others, the EU and the United Kingdom and are a consequence of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
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Publication date: October 10, 2025
The development of artificial intelligence
Artificial intelligence is an interdisciplinary field of knowledge combining elements of computer science, mathematics, statistics, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Its goal is to create systems capable of performing tasks that previously required human intelligence. This includes the ability to learn from data, reason, make decisions, recognize patterns, and process and generate natural language. Unlike traditional programming, in which a computer executes strictly defined instructions, artificial intelligence aims to grant machines a degree of autonomy, allowing them to independently adapt their strategies to changing conditions. Today, AI is no longer an abstract theoretical concept, but a practical tool.
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Publication date: October 07, 2025
Cybersecurity certifications are designed for IT professionals, including system and network administrators, security specialists, engineers, and those aspiring to these roles, to validate their knowledge and practical skills in protecting against digital threats. The certification also covers ICT products, services, and processes, and aims to inform consumers about the level of digital security and support Polish companies in European markets.
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Publication date: October 07, 2025
Pharmacovigilance under Polish law
The purpose of an inspection of the pharmacovigilance system for medicinal products intended for human use (pharmacovigilance inspection) is to verify how the marketing authorization holder for medicinal products is fulfilling its obligations regarding the pharmacovigilance system imposed by Polish and European Union law.
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