Publication date: November 18, 2025
Cryptoassets, of which a token is a type, are digital representations of value or rights that can be transferred and stored electronically using distributed ledger technology or similar technologies. There are three types of tokens: payment or e-money tokens, which serve as a medium of exchange or a store of value; investment tokens, which perform functions analogous to securities; and utility tokens, which provide access to services or products, somewhat similar to vouchers. There are also hybrid tokens, for example, combining the features of cryptocurrencies and real-world assets. These tokens operate by embodying the value of a specific real-world asset and combining it with the flexibility and efficiency of cryptocurrencies. The goal is to provide access to blockchain technology while simultaneously providing a solid link to the underlying tangible asset.
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Publication date: November 18, 2025
With technological advancements, scams involving phishing, smishing, spoofing, and CLI spoofing are gaining popularity. While they are not a new phenomenon, AI technologies certainly allow for increasingly faster and more effective image and voice impersonation, making impersonation easier. Furthermore, the latest tools help perpetrators tailor their manipulation techniques to specific individuals. Such activities serve a variety of purposes, from extorting personal data or stealing logins and passwords to persuading or intimidating victims into unfavorable financial transactions. The Polish Act on Combating Abuse in Electronic Communications aims to create mechanisms to limit these harmful phenomena. It aims to increase user protection against harmful activities carried out via communication technologies, such as text message fraud, data theft, and unfavorable financial transactions.
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Publication date: November 18, 2025
The essence of family foundations
Since the Act on Family Foundations came into force in 2023, they have become incredibly popular among Poles. The numbers alone demonstrate this: by April 2025, approximately 2,500 Family Foundations had already been registered, and as many as 4,000 applications had been submitted. Their primary purpose is to provide essential funds to beneficiaries, who may include relatives (funds allocated to beneficiaries who are individuals may include living and education costs). Furthermore, they play a crucial role in inheritance. They prevent excessive fragmentation of family assets and disputes that may arise as a result of inheritance. The founder can contribute assets (e.g., company shares) to the foundation, ensuring that designated assets will not be inherited under the Civil Code (they will not be included in the deceased’s estate), meaning only those designated by the founder as beneficiaries will have access to them. A family foundation, therefore, allows for a more effective reduction in potential disputes by clearly advancing the testator’s interests while maintaining its family character and professional management. However, recently, these legal entities have also been observed being used for other purposes, including tax optimization. Therefore, on August 8, 2025, the Polish Ministry of Finance announced legislative changes that could significantly impact the situation of family foundations.
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Publication date: November 12, 2025
DEFINITIONS
Biotechnology is the application of science and technology to living organisms, their parts, and models, in order to improve the properties of living and non-living materials, applied scientific research, products, and services. This definition was developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Another definition was provided by the UN Convention on Biological Diversity: biotechnology refers to any technological solution that uses biological systems, living organisms, or their derivatives to produce or modify products or processes. Biotechnology has been identified as one of the areas most likely to contribute to the development of the global economy in the coming years, as it does not pose a direct threat to humans or the environment; on the contrary, its use and development aim to increasingly improve resource utilization while maintaining sustainable development and environmental protection policies. Biotechnology is a field with enormous potential, as its development creates a significant number of new jobs, and development in this area will bring results that will improve the operation of many economic sectors, reducing costs and increasing profits. It has been recognized as a critical technology from the perspective of economic security.
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Publication date: November 12, 2025
A family foundation is a relatively new institution in Polish law, introduced two years ago by the Act of January 26, 2023, on Family Foundations. The ability to establish such an entity was introduced primarily to enable entrepreneurs to secure the succession of their businesses in an undivided form, as well as to ensure the implementation of their own vision for managing them even longer after the founder’s death. Only a natural person with full legal capacity can be the founder of a family foundation. They can establish the foundation and designate its beneficiaries—themselves, relatives, or public benefit organizations—in their will or deed of incorporation. Both deeds should be executed by a notary. Unlike an Anglo-Saxon trust, a family foundation is not a legal relationship but a separate legal entity. Upon establishment, it acquires legal capacity and becomes a so-called “imperfect legal person.”
Tax benefits
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