Lootboxes in Computer Games – Between Gambling Law and Consumer Protection. Regulatory Analysis Against the Background of Polish and European Union Law.
Publication date: July 24, 2026
The dynamic development of the computer games market has led to a significant change in the monetization models used by game producers and publishers. The traditional sales model, based on a one-time purchase of a product by the consumer, has been largely replaced by solutions based on long-term user engagement and generating revenue through micropayments (microtransactions). Mechanisms known as loot boxes, consisting in the paid purchase of virtual packages with random content.
A Store in Your Pocket, the Law in the Background: TikTok Shop Under the Regulators’ Lens
Publication date: July 24, 2026
You see a video, a product catches your eye, and an “add to cart” button is already blinking in the corner of the screen. A few seconds later the order is placed, paid for, and on its way — all without leaving the app. That’s how TikTok Shop works: a closed-loop model in which the path from watching a piece of content to completing a purchase has been cut to the bare minimum. That very immediacy is its greatest strength and, at the same time, the source of its most serious concerns.
Faking reviews in e-commerce – analysis of new legal regulations, algorithmic mechanisms and market practices in the e-commerce sector
Publication date: July 10, 2026
The phenomenon of fake reviews in the digital space has evolved from a marginal image issue to a central focus of market supervision authorities and EU legislators. The contemporary ontology of this phenomenon extends beyond primitive content fabrication to encompass any form of communication that, by distorting the actual consumer experience, misleads the recipient, directly influencing their decision-making process. Legally, a fake review is considered not only a completely false message, but also one that, by omitting important facts or manipulating context, creates a false impression of the quality of a product or the reliability of a seller. This practice is classified as unfair commercial activity if its nature causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to make a transactional decision they would not otherwise make, thus violating the fundamental principles of fair dealing.
NOTE – EU Cloud and AI Development Act (CADA) project and the concept of the sovereign cloud in the European Union’s digital policy
Publication date: July 10, 2026
I. Introduction
On June 3, 2026, the European Commission adopted a proposal for the Cloud and AI Development Act (hereinafter: CADA or the draft), which is the centerpiece of the broader European Technological Sovereignty Package. This draft seeks to translate the political concept of digital sovereignty into binding legal standards governing public procurement, the certification of cloud computing providers, and artificial intelligence infrastructure.
