Decision-making methods in collective bodies of limited liability companies and joint-stock companies.
Limited liability company
The shareholders’ meeting, the audit committee, the management board and the supervisory board are the collective bodies of a limited liability company. The Polish Commercial Companies Code introduces many regulations that allow the use of means of direct distance communication in order to improve the voting process in capital companies. Means of electronic communication are technical solutions, including ICT devices and software tools cooperating with them, enabling individual communication at a distance using data transmission between ICT systems.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of science that deals with the creation and use of computer systems that can simulate human cognitive processes, such as learning, reasoning, decision-making and problem solving. AI has an increasing impact on various aspects of our lives, including medicine and health. This article will discuss how AI changes clinical trials, i.e. the process of testing new drugs and therapies on humans before they are approved for marketing and use.
In the light of the GDPR, the principles of data protection do not apply to data whose links between personal data and the persons concerned have been irreversibly removed. Consequently, anonymization is not subject to the provisions of the GDPR Regulation. However, the measure that the GDPR directly indicates as a method of data protection is pseudo-anonymization. In this case, personal data is replaced in such a way that with the use of appropriate information it is possible to identify the persons to whom data relates.
For now, it is quite obvious, that advanced technology such as virtual worlds and metaverses is bringing a lot of opportunities in various fields. Education, health, manufacturing are only a few examples, where the technology of virtual worlds may be applied. To understand better the deeper meaning within these opportunities, it is worth to get to know how these developments will affect human-machine and human-human interactions.
Human-machine interaction
Next generation virtual worlds will connect various types of technologies – augmented and extended reality (VR, AR and XR) with digital twin and blockchain. These connections will formulate new types for the development of immersive environments interconnected with the real world. In this context, things such as Human-Machine Interaction (HMI), cognitive psychology and brain sciences are trying to understand how humans interact with and within the immersive environments and how those interactions impact human behaviour in both virtual and real worlds. Existing research indicates that virtual worlds have ability to change the way we connect, perceive and experience the world around us. Research in HMI includes two aspects: the interaction of the user with the interface and the impact of this process on the user’s behaviour. When it comes to virtual worlds, this process becomes more complex. The human experience associates not only with the virtual, real-time, multisensory interactions in realistic immersive simulations of the environment but also with the hybrid social environments such as AI-powered human-likes avatars.
The Polish Ministry of Development and Technology has prepared a draft act on space activities. The new act will regulate, among others: rules for conducting space activities, as well as the conditions and procedure for issuing a permit to conduct space activities. Space activities will be able to be carried out only after obtaining a permit granted by the President of the Polish Space Agency.
