Both spoofing and phishing are methods of fraud using telecommunications and the Internet, but they differ in how they are used. Spoofing involves broadly impersonating the IP address of another device, telephone number, email address or DNS server. Everything is camouflaged in such a way that the identification of the real user or caller is impossible. The easiest to recognise is email spoofing. The content of the message sent by someone impersonating a chosen e-mail address indicates the intention of spoofing confidential information from the addressee of the message. Phone number spoofing is carried out using easily accessible websites that, for a fee, allow you to make a call from any phone number and change the voice or convert the text into a voice that the person answering the phone will hear. Detection of such spoofing is only possible after the fact, when checking the billing of the number called and impersonated. IP address and DNS server spoofing is the most difficult to detect, as it may differ only slightly from the real one. The essence of phishing is reflected in its pronunciation, which is similar to the word “fishing”. It consists in preparing a “lure” for the user, e.g. by means of a link sent in an e-mail message, SMS or via instant messenger, and then either installing malicious software on the device or phishing for login data. The fraudster may impersonate e.g. a bank, government agency, courier company or a friend of the victim. Phishing emails are usually designed to look as authentic as possible. One form of phishing is spear-phishing, which involves a targeted attack on, for example, a specific company and impersonation of a business partner.
Partners from KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI KG LEGAL will participate in the webinar “3D Cable Modeling in COMSOL Multiphysics“, devoted to cable modeling in 3D. 3D cable modelling can be used in virtual cable testing and in the design and optimisation of cable systems. The use of this technology allows the thermal and inductive properties of cables to be calculated, thermal effects to be assessed and current losses to be evaluated before cables are manufactured and sent for testing. Simulation in a 3D model can be applied, for example, to high-voltage underwater cables.
Participation in this webinar will allow us to provide better legal assistance to the law office’s foreign clients operating in the field of new technologies.
The speaker of the webinar is Durk de Vries, Technical Product Manager, AC/DC Module, COMSOL.
The webinar takes place on 24 February 2022 and is organised by IEEE Spectrum in collaboration with COMSOL. IEEE, i.e. the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, is the world’s largest technical organisation dedicated to the development and support of technology innovation. In the future, IEEE is expected to be key to technology professionals around the world. IEEE members include partners from KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI KG LEGAL. COMSOL is a company that develops mathematical modelling software with applications in engineering, research and manufacturing.
An important part of the tasks of the Polish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tarification is the evaluation of medicines. The recommendations/positions and opinions issued mostly concern medicinal products. Pharmaceutical technologies are evaluated at the Agency at the request of the Polish Minister of Health.
In the Polish health system, citizens’ access to medical technologies (pharmaceuticals, medical devices, medical procedures and organizational systems) is regulated by the insurer – the National Health Fund – based on a technology assessment. Health Technology Assessment is of increasing importance in medical technology reimbursement decision-making, providing a rational basis for these decisions.
The Guidelines for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (Version 3.0) indicate how the evaluation of pharmaceuticals should take place:
The market for services related to sales via the Internet is constantly growing. During the pandemic and the related to it restrictions, the demand for remote sale of goods increased significantly. This also necessitated the rapid creation and development of online shops. Traditional Content Management Systems (CMS) tie all layers of the programme together. Headless e-commerce technology separates the layer visible to the user (front-end of the application) from the code dealing with logic and integration of server-side functions (back-end of the application) and the database containing information about the prices of the products offered in the shop, their images and descriptions. These layers are separated from each other, but have contact with each other through the Application Programming Interface (API). In this way, although externally the application looks homogeneous, it actually consists of three parts that interact with each other. This structure allows independence from the solution provider, as the vendor deals only with the front-end layer, visible to the customer, and does not have to interfere with the entire code.
Advantages and disadvantages of headless e-commerce
A power of attorney enables participants in proceedings to authorise other persons, in particular persons with a professional background, to represent them before the court, which undoubtedly speeds up and streamlines the entire proceedings. In Poland, it is regulated by the Code of Civil Procedure.
According to art. 89, a document of the power of attorney, with the principal’s signature or a certified copy thereof, shall be attached to the case files at the first procedural action (first pleading). However, after the commencement of the proceedings, it may also be granted orally at a court session by making a statement and enclosing it to the transcript of the hearing. There is no provision in the Code of Civil Procedure governing the content of the power of attorney document. However, it is assumed, that the document should specify the person of the proxy and the principal, as well as its subject matter – whether it is a general, or to conduct particular cases or to perform certain procedural actions. Particularly controversial is the fact that the Polish Code does not impose an obligation to indicate the place or date of preparation of the power of attorney document. In practice, however, it is assumed, that the date of issuance of the document should be indicated.
