What is CSIRT GOV and what is its legislative environment
The Polish Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT GOV), led by the Head of the Internal Security Agency, serves as the national CSIRT. The CSIRT GOV is responsible for coordinating the response process to computer incidents occurring in the area specified in Article 26, Section 7 of the Act of 5 July 2018 on the National Cybersecurity System.
The Polish Ministry of Digital Affairs is responsible for creating and implementing state policy in the areas of computerization, telecommunications, and digital security. It conducts activities aimed at modernizing public administration by implementing modern technological solutions and supporting investments in the digital sector. Its goal is to simplify contacts between citizens and businesses with the administration and increase the efficiency of public services. The ministry is also responsible for developing personal data protection policies, expanding digital services, and eliminating barriers to accessing technology. It manages key state registers, such as the PESEL (Polish National Identification Number), ID cards, identity documents, and vehicle and driver records. It oversees electronic identification systems and trust services, enabling citizens to safely use e-government. The ministry implements Poland’s international commitments in the field of digitalization and participates in shaping EU digital policy. Additionally, it oversees the activities of the President of the Office of Electronic Communications, ensuring the sustainability and development of the telecommunications market. All these activities aim to ensure a modern, innovation-friendly, and user-friendly digital state. The Minister of Digital Affairs supervises the Central Information Technology Centre, the Institute of Telecommunications, the Scientific and Academic Computer Network in Warsaw and the IDEAS Research Institute.
Laughing gas, or nitrous oxide (N2O), is legal in Poland and used exclusively for medical purposes by authorized entities such as hospitals and private clinics. Its medical uses include anesthesia during dental, surgical, and gynecological procedures, as well as pain management. In medicine, nitrous oxide is considered a medical device or medicinal product, depending on its use and form. In medical practice, it is a medicinal gas used under the supervision of qualified personnel, meaning its sale and use are strictly regulated. In Poland, nitrous oxide is available in pharmacies and pharmaceutical wholesalers, but only by prescription and to medical entities.
Traditionally, Polish administrative procedures guaranteed the ability to communicate with the public authorities through conventional and traditional channels, i.e., in writing or in person. However, Poland has recently made a significant technological leap in the way businesses communicate with regulatory authorities. After January 1, 2025, in accordance with applicable regulations, this communication relies largely on electronic communication – both with the central government administration, central offices, and institutions regulating the modern technology, industrial, financial, pharmaceutical, energy, and, above all, TMT sectors.
In this article attention will be paid to the valuation of the company’s shares:
When is a stock valued at the day’s price?
When is a stock valued at its mid-year average price?
The topic will be analyzed from an economic perspective. Additionally, these aspects will include situations in which one of the previously mentioned valuations is used and why it works well in those situations.
Stock Valuation
Stock valuation is a key process for investors, allowing them to assess investment risk and helping them decide whether to buy or sell a stock. There are several stock valuation methods that provide information about whether a company is undervalued or overvalued.
