Authorised Economic Operator (AEO) is a status granted by customs authorities to economic operators who meet certain requirements in the area of compliance with customs rules, proper accounting, financial solvency and security standards. The AEO concept was introduced in the European Union within the framework of the Community Customs Code and its implementing provisions, and currently its legal basis is the Union Customs Code, established by Regulation (EU) No 952/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 October 2013, OJ EU.L.2013.269.1 and delegated and implementing acts, in particular Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2015/2446 of 28 July 2015, OJ L. U.EU.L.2015.343.1 and Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2015/2447 of 24 November 2015, OJ EU.L.2015.343.558.
Equal pay and transparency is one of the fundamental pillars of social justice and gender equality policy in the European Union. Despite many years of efforts to eliminate the pay gap, there are still significant differences in the earnings of women and men performing the same work or work of equal value. In response to these challenges, on 10 May 2023, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union adopted Directive 2023/970, which aims to strengthen the application of the principle of equal pay through pay transparency mechanisms and more effective enforcement of the law.
The new regulations require employers to disclose remuneration criteria, report pay differences and implement tools that allow employees to pursue their rights in the event of suspected discrimination. Another significant change is the transfer of the burden of proof to the employer in proceedings concerning unequal pay.
Definitions and types of defects that may burden movable property
A work of art, or a commodity that is the subject of trade may be subject to two types of defects, in accordance with the provisions of the Civil Code: a physical defect or a legal defect (5563 § 1 of the Civil Code). The defect of a sold item consists in the transfer to the buyer of an item that is not in accordance with the contract. Physical defects are based primarily on the lack of properties that such a thing should have due to the purpose specified in the contract or resulting from circumstances or intended use; lack of properties that the seller assured about; the impossibility of using the item for the purpose that was presented to the seller when concluding the contract and he did not raise any objection to such intended use; delivery of the item in an incomplete state and incorrect installation and start-up, if this was done by the seller or a third party for whom he is responsible, or by the buyer acting in accordance with the instructions received from the seller. These cases are only examples, in accordance with art. 5563 § 1 of the Civil Code, any inconsistency of the sold item with the contract is a physical defect, UNLESS it is a legal defect. Legal defects, which are usually less common, are also more difficult to resolve, as it is not enough to send the buyer a missing part or repair a broken table leg, as they are based on the legal status of the sold item – ownership, restrictions on use or disposal of the item; encumbrance of a third party right or non-existence of the right. Civil law allows the buyer, in the event of one or both types of defects, to submit a declaration of a price reduction or withdrawal from the contract. The seller undertakes to deliver a non-defective item for a specified price, so if he fails to fulfil his obligation, he should be held liable.
Accounting, bookkeeping and economic perspectives — how can they be managed and classified?
How to balance them against accusations of discrimination?
The article practically discusses the differences between a bonus and an award for employees. The article first of all lists the differences between them, how to record bonuses, awards – in accounting books. Then we will focus on the moments when we can talk about the occurrence of discrimination in the awarding of bonuses, how to tax them and awards. The principles of accounting, bonuses and awards for employees and other important information about them will be considered at the end of the article.
