When your Client is from Taiwan can you apply CISG Convention to the sales contract and sales relation? Can you refer to CISG in court?

The concept of registered office and place of business.

Publication date: October 30, 2024, BY Dawid Radziszewski

1. Introduction to the CISG Convention

The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, signed in Vienna on 11 April 1980 (consolidated text, Journal of Laws 1997, No. 45, item 286 ; hereinafter referred to as the CISG Convention or the Convention) is a fundamental legal act for international trade law ratified by 97 state parties.

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Publication date: October 29, 2024, BY Zaid Adnan Jaber

Cultural and religious challenges for medicinal drugs registration in Islamic countries.  An overview of the market size of the Islamic countries

The Islamic-compliant pharmaceutical market has been emerging significantly. According to the Salaam Gateway report on Halal pharma, Muslims spent around $108 billion in 2022, and this amount is expected to increase to $142 billion by 2027. This growth has led many Southeast Asian and European pharmaceutical companies to form agreements and collaborations with countries like Saudi Arabia and Indonesia. For example, Indonesian pharmaceutical companies have engaged in joint investments with China totaling $120 million, in addition to cooperation with South Korea.

The Middle East and Africa (MEA) market has reached a value of $32.6 billion, with Saudi Arabia being the largest market at $11.6 billion and experiencing a growth rate of 9.1% per year, making it the third fastest-growing country in the MEA region. The UAE ranks as the third-largest market, valued at $4.1 billion, and has seen a growth rate of 16.5% per year, making it the second fastest-growing country in the region.

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Publication date: October 29, 2024

International protection is granted pursuant to the provisions of the Polish Act of 13 June 2003 on granting protection to foreigners on the territory of the Republic of Poland to persons who: meet the conditions for granting refugee status or do not meet the conditions for granting refugee status, but qualify for subsidiary protection. Article 3 of this Act enumerates the forms of protection that may be granted to a foreigner. It includes: granting refugee status, granting subsidiary protection, granting asylum and granting temporary protection. Applications for granting international protection are decided in the first instance by the Head of the Office for Foreigners. A person who wants to submit an application to the Head of the Office for Foreigners for granting international protection must report to the appropriate Border Guard body. If the application is to also concern other persons, e.g. minor children, the applicant’s spouse, these persons must also be present when submitting the application. The office’s decision on granting international protection – refugee status or subsidiary protection should be made within 6 months of the date of submission of the application, which – in special cases – may be extended to 15 months. In some cases, documents are considered in an accelerated procedure (within 30 days).

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Publication date: October 28, 2024

What is it and what legal problems does it create?

Distributed intelligence (fr. intelligence distributee, eng. swarm intelligence) – a concept denoting the creation of cooperation between many natural (e.g. ant colony) or artificial (e.g. robots) agents without a previously defined plan and without a single commanding body, where the concept appears most often in works on artificial intelligence.

Swarm Intelligence: Collaborating Towards Collective Wisdom

Swarm intelligence, also known as distributed intelligence, is a fascinating area of artificial intelligence that draws inspiration from the natural world. It is based on the idea that a group of individuals, entities, acting together and without central control can achieve impressive results, often surpassing the capabilities of a single, intelligent entity.

Examples from nature

Nature is full of examples of swarm intelligence. Bees building their elaborate hives, ants transporting loads many times their own weight, and schools of fish moving in synchronized motion are just a few examples. These amazing phenomena inspire scientists to create algorithms and artificial intelligence systems that mimic the patterns of cooperation observed in the animal world. Humans can also be seen as examples of swarm intelligence. We cooperate with each other in various areas of life, such as work, science, art, and sports. We communicate with each other using language, gestures, and other signals. Some human artifacts also fall into the domain of swarm intelligence, notably some multi-robot systems, as well as some computer programs written to solve optimization and data analysis problems.

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Publication date: October 28, 2024

Over the past decade, a new term has emerged in the global economy that has stirred both interest and concern: “zombie companies”. These companies, while formally operating, live in the shadow of debt, and are only able to “survive” thanks to low interest rates and the support of financial institutions. Unable to generate sufficient profits to repay capital, they constitute an unusual economic phenomenon that affects both market dynamics and financial stability. “Zombie companies” not only hinder the potential for economic growth, but also raise questions about the effectiveness of monetary policy and government interventions in times of crisis. This article will explore the causes of their emergence, their consequences for the global economy, and possible strategies for managing them. Analyzing various cases from different parts of the world, we will also look at whether there are effective methods for “saving” zombie companies and what challenges economic decision-makers face when making decisions about their future.

What are zombie companies?

Zombie companies are companies that do not have enough profits to continue operating and servicing debt, but are unable to repay their debt. Such companies, given that they survive only on overhead costs (e.g., salaries, rent, interest on debt), do not have surplus capital that they can invest to stimulate growth. “Zombie companies ” are particularly dependent on banks for financing, which is essentially their source of income. Zombie companies are also known as “living dead” or “zombie stocks.”

The key features of “zombie companies ” include:

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