Publication date: May 29, 2025
The Polish Accounting Act does not define the concept of liabilities, however the balance sheet layouts indicated in Annexes 1-6 to the Accounting Act allow us to state that liabilities are sources of financing assets. Liabilities indicate where the funds from which the assets were acquired or created came from. The main groups of sources from which the financial resources from which the assets shown in the balance sheet were obtained are: 1) equity of the entity preparing the balance sheet, 2) liabilities and 3) accrued expenses. Such an understanding of liabilities leads to the conclusion that the sum of assets and the sum of liabilities shown in the balance sheet must be equal. This view was presented by the Judgment of the Polish Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw of 17 October 2017, III SA/Wa 2678/16, LEX no. 2760834.
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Publication date: May 27, 2025
Shadow Banking – Legal and Regulatory Issues
Shadow banking, or the parallel banking system, includes financial institutions and credit intermediation mechanisms that operate outside the traditional banking system. These entities, unlike commercial banks, are not subject to strict regulatory oversight, which raises numerous legal and regulatory challenges. Shadow banking performs functions similar to banking, such as accepting deposits, granting loans, or financing assets, but operates in less transparent structures.
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Publication date: May 26, 2025
Venture capital financing is an institution that is well-rooted in legal regulations, including EU regulations, concerning the support of small and medium-sized enterprises. The article focuses on EuVECA and EuSEF funds, which have been regulated in detail in two EU regulations, along with the registers managing EuVECA and EuSEF, including the objectives and functions of these registers and the conditions that funds must meet in order to be able to register under this institution.
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Publication date: May 26, 2025
According to Article 7 § 2 of the Polish Penal Code, a crime is “a prohibited act punishable by imprisonment for a period of not less than 3 years or by a more severe penalty.”
Vat crime will be an offence described in:
Art. 277a. [Forgery of invoices with an amount due exceeding PLN 10 million]
§ 1. Whoever commits the offence specified in Article 270a § 1 or Article 271a § 1 with respect to an invoice or invoices containing a total amount due, the value or total value of which is greater than ten times the amount defining the property of great value, shall be subject to the penalty of deprivation of liberty for a term of between 5 and 25 years.
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Publication date: May 21, 2025
The processing of employee personal data is an important aspect of labor law, especially in the context of the growing popularity of remote work and the digitalization of employment processes. In accordance with national and EU law, the processing of such data must be carried out in accordance with specific principles that ensure the protection of employee privacy. In particular, regulations such as Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council, known as GDPR impose a number of obligations on employers regarding the storage, collection and processing of personal data. In addition to GDPR, issues related to the processing of employee personal data are also regulated in detail in the Labor Code, which is the basic legal act regulating labor relations in Poland.
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