Publication date: January 23, 2026
In the face of dynamic changes in the labor market and the growing legal awareness of employees, the proper conduct of the dismissal process is becoming one of the key challenges for human resources departments and management staff.
Termination and expiration of the contract
First, it is important to distinguish between two basic procedures for terminating an employment relationship, which are often confused in practice, leading to procedural errors. Although both termination and expiration of a contract lead to the end of employment, their legal nature is different. Termination of an employment contract is the result of a declaration of intent by one or both parties to the employment relationship. This requires active action, such as submitting a written document or proposing an agreement. Expiration of a contract, on the other hand, occurs by operation of law in strictly defined situations, regardless of the parties’ will.
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Publication date: January 21, 2026
Business concentrations are common and significant phenomena that constitute a part of modern economic activity. They include takeovers, mergers, the acquisition of assets, and even the creation of joint ventures. Their primary goal is typically to develop companies and increase competitiveness and efficiency. They can also lead to a restriction of market competition. Therefore, the legislature has introduced the obligation to notify the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) of any intended concentration in cases where it may affect competition conditions in Poland. This article will discuss when an enterprise must notify the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK), what information should be included, and the procedure conducted by the President of the UOKiK.
Reporting the intention to concentrate
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Publication date: January 20, 2026
Foreign direct investment (also known as FDI) is a form of capital investment in which an investor from one country acquires a permanent stake in a particular enterprise operating in a foreign market, thereby gaining real influence over its operations. This cash flow is long-term and serves not only to generate financial profits but also to provide operational and strategic control over the foreign entity. Through foreign investment, the investor can acquire a significant stake in the company’s ownership structure, and therefore hold at least 10% of the company’s share capital. Often, the decision to conduct such investments involves more than just transferring capital; the investor also invests resources, modern technology, and management staff, ensuring the efficient operation of the foreign entity. These investments can take various forms, from the construction of new plants to the acquisition of existing enterprises. In each of these situations, the investor is responsible for managing and shaping the entity’s market situation, which is the difference between foreign direct investment and passive forms of capital investment. Moreover, unlike short-term investments, FDI typically represents a long-term commitment to a specific foreign market, requiring compliance with specific regulations and meeting various requirements. Investors must primarily consider the target country’s political stability, the availability of qualified labor, and the potential for economic growth. Foreign direct investment currently constitutes one of the foundations of globalization and the integration of global markets.
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Publication date: January 20, 2026
In the Polish legal system, competition protection regulations, particularly the Act of 16 February 2007 on Competition and Consumer Protection provide for the possibility of imposing financial penalties not only on enterprises but, since the amendment to the 2015 Act, also on individuals managing enterprises. In recent years (in fact, such a sanction was first applied in 2020), the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) has been increasingly using this mechanism. This article will discuss key legal provisions concerning the liability of managers and the practices of administrative bodies in imposing sanctions.
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Publication date: January 19, 2026
Notarial deed as an official document within the meaning of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure
Pursuant to Article 2 section 2 of the Act of 14 February 1991 – The Notarial Law, notarial acts (including notarial deeds) performed by a notary in accordance with the law have the nature of an official document. From this clear statement, it can be inferred that the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure regarding official documents apply to notarial deeds. This is also confirmed by the case law of the Polish Supreme Court (including in its judgment of 9 August 2019, II CSK 341/18). Under procedural provisions, the distinction between official documents is significant, primarily in the area of evidence.
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