Publication date: January 22, 2026
A hull board (or “hull”) is a management body of a legal person (e.g., a company, association, foundation) that formally exists, but its numerical composition has fallen below the minimum number required by the statute or agreement, preventing it from effectively adopting resolutions, representing the organization, and managing its affairs, which may result in the need to appoint a curator.
The provisions of the Polish Commercial Companies Code in the regulations concerning capital companies provide that the company’s management board consists of one or more members. In capital companies, this is a mandatory body, but it may also be appointed optionally in a professional partnership. The company’s articles of association or statute may specify how many people will comprise it, most often by indicating a specific number of management board members or defining it using a range of numbers (e.g. the management board consists of 3-5 people). A problematic situation arises when the number of management board members falls below that required in the articles of association or statute. Then we are dealing with the so-called hull board where a corporate structure is in a state of inconsistency between the established composition of a body and its proper staffing quantitatively.
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Publication date: January 23, 2026
In the face of dynamic changes in the labor market and the growing legal awareness of employees, the proper conduct of the dismissal process is becoming one of the key challenges for human resources departments and management staff.
Termination and expiration of the contract
First, it is important to distinguish between two basic procedures for terminating an employment relationship, which are often confused in practice, leading to procedural errors. Although both termination and expiration of a contract lead to the end of employment, their legal nature is different. Termination of an employment contract is the result of a declaration of intent by one or both parties to the employment relationship. This requires active action, such as submitting a written document or proposing an agreement. Expiration of a contract, on the other hand, occurs by operation of law in strictly defined situations, regardless of the parties’ will.
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Publication date: January 22, 2026
Prepared by Kamil Żbik, KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI KG LEGAL
One of the characteristics of diseases and conditions is that different illnesses often affect people to completely different degrees and with completely different frequencies. With the advancement of modern medicine, organizations have begun to take a more serious look at the problem of rare diseases. However, the diagnosis and treatment of such diseases are still highly problematic. One of the problems associated with this is the low revenue from such drugs. Due to the fact that some diseases are very rare, the cost of the process of developing and introducing them to the market is disproportionate to the expected sales of such drugs. This happens because of a very narrow group of people affected by such diseases. Drugs for these rare diseases are called orphan drugs or orphan medicinal products.
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Publication date: January 21, 2026
Every drug introduced to the EU market must obtain a permit from the competent authority. In Poland, this is the Office for Registration of Medicinal Products, Medical Devices and Biocidal Products. EU regulations included in Directive 2001/83/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, implemented into Polish law by the Act of 6 September 2001 – Pharmaceutical Law provide for several procedures enabling drug registration, one of which is the so-called well-established medicine procedure (WEU). This is a special procedure for obtaining marketing authorization for medicines containing active substances with well-established medical use, i.e., medicinal substances known and systematically used in the EU for at least 10 years. The most important difference with this procedure is that there is no need to submit new clinical and pre-clinical studies, and the application can be based on available scientific studies that confirm the effectiveness and safety of the substance.
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Publication date: January 21, 2026
Business concentrations are common and significant phenomena that constitute a part of modern economic activity. They include takeovers, mergers, the acquisition of assets, and even the creation of joint ventures. Their primary goal is typically to develop companies and increase competitiveness and efficiency. They can also lead to a restriction of market competition. Therefore, the legislature has introduced the obligation to notify the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) of any intended concentration in cases where it may affect competition conditions in Poland. This article will discuss when an enterprise must notify the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK), what information should be included, and the procedure conducted by the President of the UOKiK.
Reporting the intention to concentrate
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