Publication date: November 28, 2024
Introduction
The IP Box (Innovation Box) relief is one of the tools introduced to the Polish tax system to support research, development and innovation activities. Since 2019, Polish entrepreneurs, including individuals conducting business activities, can benefit from a preferential tax rate of 5% for income obtained from qualified intellectual property rights. This solution is of particular importance for the dynamically developing IT industry, in which the work of programmers often generates qualified income, for example from copyrights to software.
However, the IP Box relief raises many interpretation controversies, especially in relation to the definition of qualified intellectual property rights and documentation obligations. In practice, taxpayers often encounter difficulties in separating income covered by the relief and meeting the requirements for maintaining detailed records. An additional challenge is the application of the relief in the context of international cooperation, especially in the case of Polish programmers implementing contracts with foreign companies.
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Publication date: November 13, 2024
The European Union, issuing Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation) (OJ EU. L. of 2016, No. 119, p. 1, as amended), commonly known as the GDPR Regulation, had to face the threats resulting from the effects of globalism. It could not limit the processing of personal data only to the borders of Europe, where the GDPR guaranteed strong protection. It had to create a system that could also provide this protection in third countries outside the old continent.
It did so in Chapter V of the regulation, where a number of solutions were found to facilitate the processing of data in third countries and, on the other hand, ensure a high level of protection. The essence of this solution is the institution of “adequate countries”, i.e. those in which the European Commission has found an adequate level of personal data protection. However, the regulation also contains other solutions for situations when we will not be dealing with an adequate country.
European Data Protection Board
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Publication date: November 13, 2024
by Łukasz Ruman, KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI KG LEGAL
Electronic money institution, Payment institution, Small payment institution, Payment services office
In today’s world, conducting financial activities electronically is becoming increasingly popular. Banks are focusing on conducting their activities via the Internet and electronic payments. Companies that conduct their accounting remotely and freely make payments using intangible money do the same.
Technical and IT support for such a large financial industry requires specialized entities. For this purpose, numerous companies have been established that are called “fintech”. The abbreviation comes from the English phrase financial technology. It is used to collectively name programs used to handle finances electronically, but also companies involved in the production and maintenance of such programs.
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Publication date: November 04, 2024, by Łukasz Chwałkowski
In the face of dynamic technological development, the legal profession is encountering new opportunities that could significantly alter the way legal services are provided. The computerization of legal work, using artificial intelligence (AI) and new technologies, not only increases efficiency but can also contribute to a more transparent and fairer justice system. Implementing AI in legal practice can offer various benefits:
Monitoring Case Law
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Publication date: October 28, 2024
What is it and what legal problems does it create?
Distributed intelligence (fr. intelligence distributee, eng. swarm intelligence) – a concept denoting the creation of cooperation between many natural (e.g. ant colony) or artificial (e.g. robots) agents without a previously defined plan and without a single commanding body, where the concept appears most often in works on artificial intelligence.
Swarm Intelligence: Collaborating Towards Collective Wisdom
Swarm intelligence, also known as distributed intelligence, is a fascinating area of artificial intelligence that draws inspiration from the natural world. It is based on the idea that a group of individuals, entities, acting together and without central control can achieve impressive results, often surpassing the capabilities of a single, intelligent entity.
Examples from nature
Nature is full of examples of swarm intelligence. Bees building their elaborate hives, ants transporting loads many times their own weight, and schools of fish moving in synchronized motion are just a few examples. These amazing phenomena inspire scientists to create algorithms and artificial intelligence systems that mimic the patterns of cooperation observed in the animal world. Humans can also be seen as examples of swarm intelligence. We cooperate with each other in various areas of life, such as work, science, art, and sports. We communicate with each other using language, gestures, and other signals. Some human artifacts also fall into the domain of swarm intelligence, notably some multi-robot systems, as well as some computer programs written to solve optimization and data analysis problems.
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