Publication date: June 23, 2025
In court practice, we increasingly encounter situations in which parties present so-called private opinions – studies / memoranda / reviews / analyses prepared by specialists in a given field, but who are not court experts appointed in a specific case. This phenomenon has become particularly important in technically complex cases, e.g. in the field of construction, medicine, IT, accounting or real estate valuation.
Although they are not evidence within the meaning of the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, their role in civil proceedings is significant and multi-faceted.
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Publication date: June 18, 2025
What is the flat-rate tax.
Lump sum taxation of income is described in the Corporate Income Tax Act of 15 February 1992. According to Article 19 of the Polish CIT Act, the lump sum tax rate is 19% of the tax base, unless the Act provides otherwise. The Act also indicates that the dividend tax rate is 19% of the revenue (income) obtained.
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Publication date: June 18, 2025
DAC 7 Directive in the Polish legal system
The so-called DAC 7 Directive concerns the reporting of online trade. According to recital 20 of Council Directive (EU) 2021/514 of 22 March 2021 amending Directive 2011/16/EU on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation, the purpose of the regulation is to prevent tax fraud, tax evasion and tax avoidance. This objective is to be achieved by requiring platform operators to report income obtained through digital platforms. In turn, recital 27 of this regulation indicates that the purpose is also to ensure legal certainty for controlled entities, so controls should be carried out in a previously agreed and coordinated manner. This directive was transposed into the Polish legal system on the basis of the amendment to the Act of 9 March 2017 on the exchange of tax information with other countries (Journal of Laws of 2024, item 1588, as amended).
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Publication date: June 17, 2025
One of the absolutely key issues in running any business is the accounting of revenues and costs. Based on Polish legal regulations and established accounting practices, various accounting documents are used to document business transactions. In the context of contractual penalties, we most often deal with two types of documents – an accounting note and a debit note. These terms are sometimes used interchangeably, but their application and meaning may vary depending on the context and practices adopted in the company. This article will discuss the basic issues related to maintaining such documents in the context of provisions on contractual penalties.
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Publication date: June 13, 2025
Businesses and companies use various financial and banking tools provided. The question arises whether it is permissible to file an identification report for a business registered in the National Court Register, whose bank account was opened in the so-called parallel banking.
The obligation to indicate a bank account during registration in the National Court Register
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