The Act of 21 February 2019 (Journal of Laws of 2025, item 259) established a new state institution in the medical sector – the Medical Research Agency. According to Article 1, Section 7 of this Act, the Agency’s objective is to support innovative activities in healthcare, with particular emphasis on the development of non-commercial clinical trials and research experiments. One of its tasks is to support the biomedical sector by financing scientific research and development, as well as strengthening the national capacity to conduct non-commercial clinical trials. Between 2019 and 2021, the Agency contracted research projects worth approximately PLN 1 billion – 50% of the projects concerned specialization projects in oncology and cardiology, which accounted for 67% of the research budget. More importantly, the Agency was tasked with designing the Government Biomedical Sector Development Plan for 2022–2031, for which a PLN 2 billion budget was secured, originating from two sources: the National Recovery Plan and funds from the Medical Research Agency, subsidized by the Ministry of Health. Biomedicine is a field of medicine that utilizes the achievements of biological, biochemical, biophysical, and biotechnological sciences and is widely used in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. It utilizes innovative technologies and research results on a large scale. The global biomedical market is experiencing steady growth. Poland aspires to become a leader in this field in Eastern Europe, a goal that cannot be achieved without a unified strategy, hence the decision to create the Plan.
Polish Act on the national cybersecurity certification system
Publication date: August 31, 2025
On August 28, 2025, the Polish Act of June 25, 2025, on the national cybersecurity certification scheme, entered into force, implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 17, 2019, on ENISA (the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity) and cybersecurity certification in information and communication technologies and repealing Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 ( Cybersecurity Act ) (OJ L 151, 7.06.2019, p. 15 and OJ L 2025/37, 15.01.2025).
What is CSIRT GOV and what is its legislative environment
The Polish Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT GOV), led by the Head of the Internal Security Agency, serves as the national CSIRT. The CSIRT GOV is responsible for coordinating the response process to computer incidents occurring in the area specified in Article 26, Section 7 of the Act of 5 July 2018 on the National Cybersecurity System.
Traditionally, Polish administrative procedures guaranteed the ability to communicate with the public authorities through conventional and traditional channels, i.e., in writing or in person. However, Poland has recently made a significant technological leap in the way businesses communicate with regulatory authorities. After January 1, 2025, in accordance with applicable regulations, this communication relies largely on electronic communication – both with the central government administration, central offices, and institutions regulating the modern technology, industrial, financial, pharmaceutical, energy, and, above all, TMT sectors.
In this article attention will be paid to the valuation of the company’s shares:
When is a stock valued at the day’s price?
When is a stock valued at its mid-year average price?
The topic will be analyzed from an economic perspective. Additionally, these aspects will include situations in which one of the previously mentioned valuations is used and why it works well in those situations.
Stock Valuation
Stock valuation is a key process for investors, allowing them to assess investment risk and helping them decide whether to buy or sell a stock. There are several stock valuation methods that provide information about whether a company is undervalued or overvalued.
