Publication date: July 10, 2026
The phenomenon of fake reviews in the digital space has evolved from a marginal image issue to a central focus of market supervision authorities and EU legislators. The contemporary ontology of this phenomenon extends beyond primitive content fabrication to encompass any form of communication that, by distorting the actual consumer experience, misleads the recipient, directly influencing their decision-making process. Legally, a fake review is considered not only a completely false message, but also one that, by omitting important facts or manipulating context, creates a false impression of the quality of a product or the reliability of a seller. This practice is classified as unfair commercial activity if its nature causes or is likely to cause the average consumer to make a transactional decision they would not otherwise make, thus violating the fundamental principles of fair dealing.
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Publication date: January 21, 2026
Business concentrations are common and significant phenomena that constitute a part of modern economic activity. They include takeovers, mergers, the acquisition of assets, and even the creation of joint ventures. Their primary goal is typically to develop companies and increase competitiveness and efficiency. They can also lead to a restriction of market competition. Therefore, the legislature has introduced the obligation to notify the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) of any intended concentration in cases where it may affect competition conditions in Poland. This article will discuss when an enterprise must notify the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK), what information should be included, and the procedure conducted by the President of the UOKiK.
Reporting the intention to concentrate
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Publication date: January 20, 2026
In the Polish legal system, competition protection regulations, particularly the Act of 16 February 2007 on Competition and Consumer Protection provide for the possibility of imposing financial penalties not only on enterprises but, since the amendment to the 2015 Act, also on individuals managing enterprises. In recent years (in fact, such a sanction was first applied in 2020), the President of the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) has been increasingly using this mechanism. This article will discuss key legal provisions concerning the liability of managers and the practices of administrative bodies in imposing sanctions.
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Polish law, in accordance with European directives, requires from entrepreneurs to provide many provisions on terms and conditions of conducted online shop. Main legal acts which include such requirements are ‘Protection of Competition and Consumers Act’, ‘Consumer Rights Act’ and ‘Provision of Services by Electronic Means Act’. Other regulations find their source in more detailed acts and ordinances.
Fulfillment of needed provisions is governed by Polish Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK), which could be found at their website as follows: https://www.uokik.gov.pl/home.php. In case UOKiK discovers the lack of regulation required, it may impose a severe fine.
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