The entry into application of the EU Data Act on 12 September 2025 marks one of the most significant developments in European data regulation since the adoption of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). While the GDPR established a comprehensive framework for the protection of personal data, the Data Act introduces a new legal regime designed to improve access to and use of data generated by connected products and related digital services.
In the practice of commercial law, an event often occurs in which the legal status of one entity directly impacts the stability and functioning of another. A particular example is the bankruptcy of a shareholder in a commercial company. Although from a legal perspective, the bankruptcy of a shareholder affects their personal assets, in practice it undermines the very foundations of the company’s operations. Shares or stocks, previously part of a stable ownership structure, become part of the bankruptcy estate, over which the trustee assumes control. For the company, this means entering into a relationship with a new, compulsory “shareholder”, whose actions may be fundamental to the company’s future development. Some of the most important information regarding bankruptcy proceedings that a company may wish to obtain includes whether and when the trustee intends to liquidate the shares and who will exercise corporate rights at shareholder meetings. Despite such obvious interdependencies, a commercial company rarely has the formal status of a party to its shareholder’s bankruptcy proceedings. This situation creates a significant conflict between the principle of open court proceedings and the debtor’s privacy. Therefore, it is necessary to consider whether the commercial company has the right to access the bankruptcy case files concerning the shareholder.
Can an AI influencer be held legally accountable? Not directly — but the businesses and creators behind them certainly can.
As AI-generated personas become a powerful tool in marketing, they also raise important legal questions around transparency, advertising disclosures, GDPR compliance, copyright, and the new obligations introduced by the EU AI Act. In my latest article, I explore who bears responsibility for AI influencers, what regulatory requirements apply, and which legal risks companies should address before launching virtual brand ambassadors.
If your business is using AI to engage consumers, this is a topic you cannot afford to ignore.
Resignation from the management board of a limited liability company is permissible at any time, regardless of the term of office. Therefore, a sole management board member is not obligated to serve until the end of their term and may terminate their position earlier either through their own resignation or through dismissal by the relevant body. Each of these options leads to the expiry of their mandate, but they differ significantly in terms of procedure and practical consequences.
We recently advised a Polish medtech company developing an innovative artificial intelligence-powered Software as a Medical Device (SaMD) designed to support early detection of cardiovascular disease based on standard electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings.
The client is developing software that performs automated analysis of resting ECG data and generates additional diagnostic insights for physicians. While the patient experience remains identical to a standard ECG examination, the software applies advanced signal processing and AI-driven analytics to extract significantly more information from the underlying electrical activity of the heart. The current version is intended for use in clinical settings, while a next-generation solution is being developed for home use, enabling remote screening and telemedicine-based monitoring.
