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AI algorithmic pricing and its assessment under Polish and EU competition law

Publication date: October 10, 2025

The development of artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence is an interdisciplinary field of knowledge combining elements of computer science, mathematics, statistics, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Its goal is to create systems capable of performing tasks that previously required human intelligence. This includes the ability to learn from data, reason, make decisions, recognize patterns, and process and generate natural language. Unlike traditional programming, in which a computer executes strictly defined instructions, artificial intelligence aims to grant machines a degree of autonomy, allowing them to independently adapt their strategies to changing conditions. Today, AI is no longer an abstract theoretical concept, but a practical tool.

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KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI KG LEGAL – KIMES 2026. EU TRADE MISSION TO JAPAN AND KOREA

Publication date: September 17, 2025

The lawyers of KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI KG LEGAL participate in the EU Info Day – EU Business Hub @ KIMES 2026 on 23 September 2025.

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Optical Illusions in AI Systems, the Danger of Adversarial Attacks, Biological Technologies, Explainable AI – topics discussed during Futurology Congress 2025

Publication date: September 15, 2025

On September 12-14, 2025, lawyers from KIELTYKA GLADKOWSKI KG LEGAL participated in the annual Futurology Congress in Krakow.

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Communication and contact between international companies and Polish Agencies regarding regulatory matters in Poland only via electronic means

Publication date: August 20, 2025

Traditionally, Polish administrative procedures guaranteed the ability to communicate with the public authorities through conventional and traditional channels, i.e., in writing or in person. However, Poland has recently made a significant technological leap in the way businesses communicate with regulatory authorities. After January 1, 2025, in accordance with applicable regulations, this communication relies largely on electronic communication – both with the central government administration, central offices, and institutions regulating the modern technology, industrial, financial, pharmaceutical, energy, and, above all, TMT sectors.

Act on Electronic Delivery

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Valuation of company shares – analysis from the economic point of view

Publication date: August 20, 2025

In this article attention will be paid to the valuation of the company’s shares:

When is a stock valued at the day’s price?

When is a stock valued at its mid-year average price?

The topic will be analyzed from an economic perspective. Additionally, these aspects will include situations in which one of the previously mentioned valuations is used and why it works well in those situations.

Stock Valuation

Stock valuation is a key process for investors, allowing them to assess investment risk and helping them decide whether to buy or sell a stock. There are several stock valuation methods that provide information about whether a company is undervalued or overvalued.

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