We have analyzed the proposed changes to criminal procedure, which introduce a new structure for conducting proceedings, moving away from the current, restrictive model. The foundation of the amendment is the liberalization of regulations and the strengthening of procedural guarantees for suspects, which is a direct response to the need to implement EU directives and restore the adversarial standard.
The CE marking was introduced as part of the harmonization of product marking processes within the EU. It is intended to replace all existing conformity markings. The marking itself indicates that the product meets the requirements of the applicable regulations. It is affixed to products intended for introduction into the EEA and Turkish markets, regardless of where they were manufactured.
Polish Act on the national cybersecurity certification system
Publication date: August 31, 2025
On August 28, 2025, the Polish Act of June 25, 2025, on the national cybersecurity certification scheme, entered into force, implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/881 of the European Parliament and of the Council of April 17, 2019, on ENISA (the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity) and cybersecurity certification in information and communication technologies and repealing Regulation (EU) No 526/2013 ( Cybersecurity Act ) (OJ L 151, 7.06.2019, p. 15 and OJ L 2025/37, 15.01.2025).
What is CSIRT GOV and what is its legislative environment
The Polish Computer Security Incident Response Team (CSIRT GOV), led by the Head of the Internal Security Agency, serves as the national CSIRT. The CSIRT GOV is responsible for coordinating the response process to computer incidents occurring in the area specified in Article 26, Section 7 of the Act of 5 July 2018 on the National Cybersecurity System.
In this article attention will be paid to the valuation of the company’s shares:
When is a stock valued at the day’s price?
When is a stock valued at its mid-year average price?
The topic will be analyzed from an economic perspective. Additionally, these aspects will include situations in which one of the previously mentioned valuations is used and why it works well in those situations.
Stock Valuation
Stock valuation is a key process for investors, allowing them to assess investment risk and helping them decide whether to buy or sell a stock. There are several stock valuation methods that provide information about whether a company is undervalued or overvalued.
