Adversarial AI attacks and regimes of liability
Publication date: October 23, 2025
Adversarial attacks and why are they possible
The capabilities of AI systems are increasingly impressive, largely based on machine learning. This technique allows for the “training” of algorithms by providing vast amounts of data, which in turn leads to the automation of the algorithm and a radical increase in its “cognitive” capabilities, particularly through generalization, drawing conclusions from the obtained data, and predictive language models that allow for highly probable prediction of the next word that fits a given statement or sentence, taking into account its context. Most AI systems are based, to be precise, on a specific variety or technique of machine learning, referred to as an artificial neural network, or deep neural network, a metaphor that approximates the logic of AI systems to the functions of the human brain.
