Publication date: July 07, 2026

The dynamic development of artificial intelligence-based technologies is revolutionizing not only the commercial sector but also the area of state oversight of the digital market. The implementation of multi-agent systems by the Office of Competition and Consumer Protection (UOKiK) opens a new era in consumer rights enforcement, enabling the mass and automated identification of unfair market practices. With the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Omnibus Directive in force, traditional control methods are giving way to algorithmic interface analysis aimed at eliminating so-called dark patterns and price manipulation. However, the use of “digital controllers” raises fundamental questions for legal science and business practice about the limits of automated decision-making processes in public administration. Although AI agents significantly improve the effectiveness of detecting violations, their legal status as a source of evidence remains the subject of heated debate. The main thesis is that while AI can be a powerful auxiliary tool for regulatory bodies, the ultimate responsibility for determining the facts and assessing the legitimate interests of a party must rest with humans, which is the foundation of a fair procedure in a state governed by the rule of law.

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Publication date: July 07, 2026

The Polish dietary supplements market is facing the most significant regulatory overhaul in years. The draft amendment to the Act on Food and Nutrition Safety and the Act on the State Sanitary Inspectorate introduces a series of far-reaching changes that will substantially alter the way supplements are notified, monitored, advertised, and supervised in Poland. While the reform does not formally introduce a pre-market authorization system, it undeniably strengthens the position of regulatory authorities and increases the compliance burden imposed on businesses operating in the sector.

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Publication date: July 07, 2026

At the outset, it should be emphasized that the regulation relating to witnesses in the Act of 29 August 1997, the Tax Ordinance, is laconic.

If a decision is made to take evidence by questioning a witness, the party must be notified of the place and time of the hearing at least seven days in advance. The parties may participate and ask questions during the hearing (Article 190 of the Code of Criminal Procedure).

The doctrine defines a witness as someone possessing knowledge of facts relevant to the case that the tax authority is attempting to reconstruct for the purposes of the proceedings. According to the commentary on the Tax Ordinance, a witness in tax proceedings can be either a person present at an event and thus relying on their personal observations, or one who obtained information indirectly, most often from other people.

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